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Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children (California/Milbank Books on Health and the Public), by Gerald Marko
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In this incisive examination of lead poisoning during the past half century, Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner focus on one of the most contentious and bitter battles in the history of public health. Lead Wars details how the nature of the epidemic has changed and highlights the dilemmas public health agencies face today in terms of prevention strategies and chronic illness linked to low levels of toxic exposure. The authors use the opinion by Maryland’s Court of Appeals—which considered whether researchers at Johns Hopkins University’s prestigious Kennedy Krieger Institute (KKI) engaged in unethical research on 108 African-American children—as a springboard to ask fundamental questions about the practice and future of public health. Lead Wars chronicles the obstacles faced by public health workers in the conservative, pro-business, anti-regulatory climate that took off in the Reagan years and that stymied efforts to eliminate lead from the environments and the bodies of American children.
- Sales Rank: #95190 in Books
- Published on: 2014-08-15
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .88" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 328 pages
Review
""Lead Wars" clearly shows that the scandalous and tragic history of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat over and over again unless we develop and fight for better safeguards against chemicals and new technology."--Helen Jupiter"Mother Nature Network" (03/26/2013)
"A fascinating new book."--Howard Markel"PBS Newshour The Rundown Blog" (03/29/2013)
"Thoroughly researched and clearly written, this book does an excellent job of illustrating the problem society encounters when science and industry face off over likely harm versus economic benefit."--Richard Maxwell"Library Journal" (05/01/2013)
"A deeply conceived and well-written book by two of America's best public health historians. It's also an important background briefing on the politics and ethics of scientific research for journalists who will be covering environmental health issues like these."--Bill Kovarik"SE Journal" (07/01/2013)
"Chronicles the monstrous irresponsibility of companies in the lead industry over the course of the 20th century."--Nicholas D. Kristof"New York Times" (10/16/2013)
"I want to thank David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz for what that they've done to bring the story of the lead paint wars to the public."--Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (10/17/2013)
"Lead Wars" clearly shows that the scandalous and tragic history of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat over and over again unless we develop and fight for better safeguards against chemicals and new technology. --Helen Jupiter"Mother Nature Network" (03/26/2013)"
A fascinating new book. --Howard Markel"PBS Newshour The Rundown Blog" (03/29/2013)"
"The prolific team of Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner has done it again. Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America s Children is a thoroughly researched, passionate, and gripping history of a major public health problem. . . . Lead Wars challenges us to take better care of our children by fighting those industries that appear to regard them especially poor black and Latino children as disposable."--Elizabeth Fee"Health Affairs" (10/01/2013)"
From the Inside Flap
“The story Rosner and Markowitz tell of generations of children gravely damaged by promiscuous dispersal of lead, and the persistent attempts made to evade responsibility for the harms caused, is both true and shocking. This book will not just educate future environmental and health leaders, it should outrage them.”—Richard J. Jackson MD, MPH, Professor and Chair, Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
"Lead Wars argues that the tragedy of lead is one that our society is doomed to repeat again and again unless we develop better safeguards to protect us against chemicals and new technology. This book is a "must read" for public health professionals as well as for political scientists, social historians and for all who care about the future of America's children."—Philip J. Landrigan MD, Ethel H. Wise Professor of Community Medicine and Chairman in the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine
"Can being poor justify differing standards for research or a focus merely on harm reduction and the politically feasible? Markowitz and Rosner make the compelling case that in public health the practical and possible may in the end be immoral and dangerous, and a consequence of the war on science. A necessary read for anyone who cares about public health, the role of government, children, medical experimentation and environmental justice."—Susan M. Reverby, McLean Professor in the History of Ideas and Professor of Women's and Gender Studies, Wellesley College
“Lead poisoning remains a tragedy (and scandal) of immense proportions, and the authors utilize new sources—including previously unexamined court records—to tell a story that is as gripping as it is important.”—Robert N. Proctor, Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University and author of Cancer Wars
"This book tells the story of a public health tragedy affecting millions of children, the determined doctors who tried to help, and an industry propaganda campaign which prolonged and worsened the tragedy. For as long as powerful corporations manipulate politicians and public opinion to profit from dangerous products, this will remain an important story for our country."—Sheldon Whitehouse, United States Senator
Lead Wars makes clear the public health dangers we face if we continue to ignore this corporate strategy that defines “acceptable” levels of risk for the thousands of chemicals in use. It brings home the importance now more than ever of taking a precautionary approach to managing toxic chemicals. This book is a must for any activist who wants to understand the strategies polluters use to continue business as usual. —Lois Marie Gibbs, Executive Director, Center for Health, Environment & Justice
"In this outstanding book, Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner utilize historical scholarship to expose a major tragedy in recent public health: the failure to protect children from the harms of lead in our environment. Despite the fact that the toxic effects of lead have been known for centuries, they show—using previously unavailable documents—how the lead industry has protected their profits at public expense, despite their explicit knowledge of its many dangers. Lead Wars brings this tragic history to light in a narrative that integrates deep investigation and analysis with compelling advocacy and compassion for children who continue to be at risk from one of the world’s best-known toxins."—Allan M. Brandt, Professor of the History of Medicine at Harvard University, and author of The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
"Markowitz and Rosner have majestically woven the key characters and elements of the history of lead poisoning into a captivating narrative that exposes a tremendous and terrifying truth; unless it serves the needs of private enterprise, public health is incapable of controlling the causes of chronic disease and disability. In place of prevention, we have settled for partial solutions. Everyone who has an interest in public health, health policy or history should read this book."—Bruce Lanphear, MD, MPH, Clinician Scientist, Child & Family Research Institute BC Children’s Hospital and Professor of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC
About the Author
Gerald Markowitz is Distinguished Professor of History at John Jay College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is, along with David Rosner, coauthor of Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution (UC Press), and eight other books.
David Rosner is Ronald Lauterstein Professor of Public Health and Professor of History at Columbia University and Co-director of the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. In 2010 he was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
Most helpful customer reviews
16 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
"Lead Wars" should be required reading in all medical schools
By K. DAVEY
Lead paint and "tetraethyl lead" poisoning of children resulting in brain damage and death represents one of the most hideous public health disasters in America.
The Ethyl Gasoline Corporation manufactured "tetraethyl lead" because when mixed with gas, it improved vehicle performance and fuel economy. Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner wrote that "lead became part of the air Americans breathed when, in 1923, lead was introduced into gasoline to give cars more power. With the dramatic growth of this vast industry, every American child, parent, and neighbor began to systematically incorporate into their bodies a toxic heavy metal that was already known to be poisoning workers in the United States and elsewhere."
For decades, Medical Director of the Ethyl Corp., Robert A. Kehoe, M.D., gave "scientific cover" for Ethyl, and became the principal defender of keeping "highly profitable" lead in gasoline, which contributed to the poisoning of millions of American children from 1928 until TEL or tetraethyl lead was outlawed in 1986. Industry-owned research facilities conducted lead studies, usually with pro-lead results; research was carefully crafted to benefit industrial sponsors, not the health of U.S. citizens. Incredibly, under oath in 1966, Dr. Kehoe told Congress that he and his colleagues at the Kettering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio "had been looking for 30 years for evidence of bad effects from leaded gasoline in the general population and had found none." Kehoe argued that lead is "normal" in the human body and even recommended, for the sake of progress, elevating the lead level in gasoline. There was, he said, "not the slightest evidence" of harm from airborne lead, and claimed that leaded gasoline posed no risk at all to public health.
Needless to say, Kehoe was tragically wrong. Herbert Needleman, M.D., a courageous pediatrician at Temple University discovered a direct correlation between lowered IQ and increased lead content of baby teeth collected from children in North Philadelphia. He got the idea from the 1950s, when strontium 90, a by-product of atomic testing in Utah, became a component in the teeth and skeletons of babyboomers across the USA. Needleman's research in the 1960s indicated that "leaded" gas exhaust poisoned babies both inside and outside the womb. A recent study found that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder have elevated average blood-lead levels 20-30% higher than children without ADHD. The central nervous system of a fetus or young child, undergoing rapid changes, is particularly vulnerable to lead exposure. For his pioneering research, Dr. Needleman, now in his late 80s, should have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Many European countries banned the use of lead-based paint as early as 1909. The U.S. lead industry "chose to run massive marketing and promotion campaigns all through the first half of the twentieth century despite their knowledge that lead paint was causing children to go into comas, suffer convulsions, and die." The USA allowed the continued use of lead in paint until 1978, but lead does not biodegrade. Today, 2% of American children are diagnosed with lead poisoning.
The demise of Kehoe's leaded gas was accelerated when Clair Patterson, a geochemist at Caltech analyzed core drillings of ice in Antarctica indicating that concentrations of lead in the environment had increased an alarming 350 percent between 1930 and 1965. When leaded gasoline was marketed nationwide in the late 1920s and in the 1930s, the frequency of childhood lead poisoning reported in medical journals increased dramatically. Unfortunately, scientists in the United States have lost funding and have been exposed to lawsuits (or much worse) after their evidence-based research produced results that threatened powerful economic interests. When Drs. Alice Hamilton, Harriet Hardy, Randolph Byers, Clair Patterson, and Herbert Needleman presented unwelcome lead data, petrochemical interests devoted considerable resources attacking them personally. Suppression of unwelcome lead research and fiendish harassment of independent scientists was not uncommon, particularly during the pre-EPA era.
While children continue to be exposed to lead, those born in the 1990s have higher IQs than those born 20 years earlier, when lead was lavishly dumped along U.S. roads and highways. Based on the government's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, about 68 million American children experienced toxic exposure from leaded gasoline during the Ethyl era. Between 1976 and 1996, removal of lead from gasoline precipitated nearly a 90% drop in children's blood-lead levels according to the CDC.
Markowitz and Rosner remind us that society is measured by the treatment of its children. "For more than a hundred years, we have knowingly poisoned our children and destroyed the future of millions of our citizens." Lead in paint and gas has been foisted on us by "rapacious industries that have knowingly profited from our human suffering." The challenge for young pediatricians is that lead poisoning is a preventable disease.
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent book
By Nick Lees
I am a Professor in Environmental Management and found the material in this book to be very informative and thought provoking. My intent is to use the background and facts presented here in a case study on the politics of toxic substances in my class on the Interactions of Hazardous Materials. My industrial background included first hand experience with the Formaldehyde question back when the EPA and OSHA were considering significant regulatory changes after the initial valid rat study. I was employed by the industrial sector at the time and we were very intent on showing the true science behind the question, yet we still had the best interests of industry on the table at all times. I can readily see how the authors have honestly treated this dangerous exposure to the adverse health effects of very small amounts of lead in our environment. The actions on the part of the industrial sector here are deplorable and go beyond the effort to put the true science of the issue before the public and the health agency regulators.
Professor Nicholas W. Lees
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A "must read" for parents of young children and those in the public health field.
By monoplygy
This is a well-written, easy to read, accurate account of how lead became so pervasive in the environment in general and in housing in particular. The book documents the struggles the City of Baltimore and Johns Hopkins University made to eliminate lead poisoning as a threat to the public health.
The book also outlines how the same political and economic pressures apply to other substances, such as bisphenol A.
The book contains extensive references to support the statements.
See all 12 customer reviews...
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